TUGAS SOFTSKILL BAHASA INGGRIS 2 (ARTICLES OF PLANNING MANAGEMENT)

Name    : Aryani Ardiana Sary (11213415)

Class      : 1EA10

Every organization needs to carry out an action plan for each organization, both production planning, planning, recruitment of new employees, new product sales program, and budget planning. Planning is a fundamental process for organizations to select targets and define how to achieve it. Therefore, companies need to establish goals and objectives to be achieved prior to the planning process.

Planning is the most important stage of a management function, especially in the face of dynamic external environment changing . In this era of globalization, planning must rely more rational and systematic procedures and not just on intuition and hunches (alleged).

Planning broadly defined as the process of defining organizational goals , create a strategy to achieve that goal , and develop plan work activities of the organization. Basically the plan is intended to give answers to the questions of what , who, when , where , why , and how . So planning is the function of a manager associated with the selection of a set of activities and termination of the objectives , policies and programs done . Planning is the most important of all management functions because without planning runs . Plans can be either informal or formal plan . Informal plan is a plan that is not written and is not a member of an organization's common goals . While the formal plan is a written plan that an organization should be implemented within a certain period . Formal plan is a joint member of the corporation , meaning that every member should know and execute the plan . Made formal plans to reduce guitar and mutual understanding of what to do.

In a plan contained elements of planning. Good planning should be able to answer the six questions are referred to as elements of planning. The first element is the action to be done, there is action both must be done, third where the action is performed, the actions performed when fourth, fifth who will perform these actions, and finally how to implement such measures.

In a planning also needs to consider the nature of a good plan. The nature of a good plan are:
1. The use of simple words and clear in terms easily understood by the receiving so different-different interpretations can be eliminated.
2. Flexible, a plan should be able to adjust to the situation when there is a change actually  not all possible plans changed held adaptation-course adjustments. Nature not to be so rigid and so although other circumstances than planned.
3. Stability, does not need any time to change the plan must be maintained stability so each should have in consideration.
4. There is a provision in the balance means that the time and the factors of production to whom the organization's goals with the needs.
5. Includes all actions necessary, so covering the functions that exist in the organization.

1 . Planning Process
Before the manager can organize , lead , or control , first they have to make a plan that gives direction to every activity of the organization. At the planning stage managers determine what will be done , when it will work , how to do it , and who will do it .
No need for planning at all levels of management and increasingly increase  at higher management levels , where it is planning to have the greatest possible impact on the success of the organization . At the top level managers generally devote almost all of their planning time far into the future and on the strategies of the whole organization . Managers at lower levels planned primarily for their own subunit and for a shorter period of time .
There are also some variations in the planning responsibilities depending on the size and purpose of the organization and the functions or special events manager . Organizations large and international scale more concerned with long-term planning rather than local companies . However, in general, organizations need to consider the balance between long-term planning and short-term planning . It is therefore important for the manager to understand the role of planning as a whole .
According to T. Hani Handoko ( 1999 ) planning activities essentially through four stages as follows :
1 . Setting a goal or set of goals
2 . Formulating the current state
3 . Identifying all the ease and barriers
4 . Develop a plan or set of activities for the achievement of objectives.

2 . Reasons Need Planning
One purpose is made ​​planning programs that are used to increase the likelihood of achievement objectives  in the future , so as to increase the Decree of making better . Therefore , the planning organization must be active , dynamic , sustainable and creative , so management does not just react to its environment , but rather an active participant in the business world .
There are two basic reasons the need for planning :
1 . To achieve a "protective benefits " resulting from the reduction of the risk of error in decision-making .
2 . To achieve the " positive benefits " in the form of increasing successful achievement of organizational goals .
Some of the benefits of planning are :
1 . Helps management to adapt to the environment changes
2 . Allows managers to understand the whole picture clearer operation
3 . Helping more precise placement of responsibility
4 . Giving way of giving commands to operate
5 . Facilitate the coordination between different parts of the organization
6 . Make more specific goals , detailed and easier to understand
7 . Minimize job uncertain
8 . Save time , effort , and funds
Some disadvantages are planning :
1 . The work covered in the planning might be overstated in real contribution
2 . Planning tends to delay activities
3 . Planning may be too limiting management to initiate and innovate
4 . Sometimes the best result is obtained by handling each problem as the problem occurs
5 . There are some plans that followed caracara inconsistent

3. Planning Relationship with Other Functions
Planning is the most basic functions of the other management functions. Planning functions and the functions as well as other managerial activities are interconnected and interdependent interaction.
-Organizing is planning to show the car and estimate how organizing resource-resource society together to achieve the highest effectiveness.
-Directing is planning to determine the best combination of resources-resources necessary to direct, influence and motivate employees.
-Controlling is the planning and supervision are closely interconnected. Supervision act as criteria to assess the implementation of the work plan.

4 . Various Kinds of Planning
Various management planning in the introduction is divided into two , namely :
A. Planning organization
This plan consists of :

- Strategic Planning
The strategic plan is a plan developed to achieve the strategic objectives . Precisely , the strategic plan is a general plan of the underlying resource allocation decisions , priorities , and action steps needed to achieve strategic objectives .

- Tactical Planning
Plan is intended to achieve tactical objectives , was developed to implement certain parts of the strategic plan . The strategic plan generally involves the upper and middle management levels and when compared with the strategic plan , have a shorter period of time and a more specific focus and real

- Operational Planning
Is a plan that focuses on planning tactical plans to achieve operational objectives . Developed by Degree of middle managers and lower level , the operational plan has a short-term focus dn relatively narrow scope . Each operational plan with respect to a small set of activities. We explain the plan more closely in the next section .

Operational planning is divided into two , namely :
a. Disposable Plan : developed to implement a series of actions that may not be repeated in the future
      Program : Disposable plan for a great activity bundle
      Project : Disposable plan for a narrower scope and less complex than the program
b . Plans fixed : developed for regularly recurring activity during a specific time period
      Policy : fixed plan detailing the organization's general response to a particular problem or situation
      Standard operating procedures : fixed plan that outlines the steps to be followed in certain situations
      Rules and regulations : fixed plan that describes exactly how the specific activities carried out

B. According period, classified planning:
- Long-term Planning
is a plan that will be executed by all components in the organization or planning, and made ​​in the achievement of overall organizational goals.
- Medium term planning
is a plan devised to achieve the medium-term objectives and the achievement of long-term boost.
- Short-term Planning
is a plan devised to achieve short-term goals, and the achievement of the medium-term boost.

5. Responsibility for Planning Goal Setting
1. Planning staff.
2. Planning Task Force
3. Board of Directors
4. Chief Executive Officer (CEO)
5. Executive Committee
6. Management line

6. Constraints in the Establishment and Objectives and Planning
a. Inappropriate destination
b. Inappropriate posts System
c. Dynamic and Complex Environment
d. Reluctance to Goal Setting
e. Refusal to Change
f. limitation

7. Overcoming Obstacles
a. Understanding of Purpose and Plan.
b. Communication and Participation
c. Consistency / revsi / and updates
d. Award System Effective

COMMENTS :

From the description above we can conclude the importance of planning in order to achieve organizational goals. The existence of the plan will provide a clear direction and goals, provide an understanding of leadership and subordinates so they can work together for the sake of the realization of organizational goals.
But in addition, planning is only one of the functions in management. Because of the success of achieving goals does not mean that only depends on the functions of planning, but there are other functions, such as organizing, briefing and supervision.
The success of the plan will very likely be achieved if leaders and employees work together and motivate each other so that each performance is higher for the achievement of organizational goals.

Source : http://contoh-makalah-mahasiswa.blogspot.com/2011/10/makalah-perencanaan-manajemen.html