Name : Aryani Ardiana Sary (11213415)
Class : 1EA10
Every organization needs to carry out an
action plan for each
organization, both production planning, planning, recruitment
of new employees, new product sales program,
and budget planning.
Planning is a fundamental
process for organizations to select
targets and define
how to achieve it. Therefore, companies need to establish
goals and objectives to be achieved prior to the planning process.
Planning is the most important stage
of a management function, especially in the face of dynamic external environment changing . In this era of globalization, planning must rely more rational
and systematic procedures
and not just on
intuition and hunches
(alleged).
Planning broadly
defined as the process of defining organizational goals , create a strategy to
achieve that goal , and develop plan work
activities of the organization. Basically
the plan is intended to give answers to the questions of what , who, when ,
where , why , and how . So
planning is the function of a manager associated with the selection of a set of
activities and termination of the objectives , policies and programs
done . Planning
is the most important of all management functions because without planning runs
. Plans
can be either informal or formal plan . Informal
plan is a plan that is not written and is not a member of an organization's
common goals . While
the formal plan is a written plan that an organization should be implemented
within a certain period . Formal
plan is a joint member of the corporation , meaning that every member should
know and execute the plan . Made
formal plans to reduce guitar and mutual understanding of what to do.
In a plan
contained elements of planning. Good planning should be able to answer
the six questions are referred to as elements of planning. The first element is the action to be
done, there is action
both must be done, third where the action is performed, the actions
performed when fourth,
fifth who will perform
these actions, and finally how to implement such
measures.
In a planning
also needs to consider the nature of a good plan. The nature of a good plan are:
1. The use of simple
words and clear
in terms easily understood by the receiving
so different-different
interpretations can be eliminated.
2. Flexible, a
plan should be able to adjust to the situation when there is a change actually not all possible plans changed
held adaptation-course adjustments. Nature
not to be so
rigid and so
although other circumstances than planned.
3. Stability, does
not need any time to change the plan
must be maintained stability so each should have in
consideration.
4. There is a provision
in the balance means that the time and
the factors of production to whom
the organization's goals with the needs.
5. Includes all
actions necessary, so covering the functions that exist in the organization.
1 . Planning
Process
Before
the manager can organize , lead , or control , first they have to make a plan
that gives direction to every activity of the organization. At
the planning stage managers determine what will be done , when it will work ,
how to do it , and who will do it .
No
need for planning at all levels of management and increasingly increase at
higher management levels , where it is planning to have the greatest possible
impact on the success of the organization . At
the top level managers generally devote almost all of their planning time far
into the future and on the strategies of the whole organization . Managers
at lower levels planned primarily for their own subunit and for a shorter
period of time .
There
are also some variations in the planning responsibilities depending on the size
and purpose of the organization and the functions or special events manager . Organizations
large and international scale more concerned with long-term planning rather
than local companies . However,
in general, organizations need to consider the balance between long-term
planning and short-term planning . It
is therefore important for the manager to understand the role of planning as a whole .
According
to T. Hani Handoko ( 1999 ) planning activities essentially through four stages
as follows :
1 . Setting a goal or
set of goals
2 . Formulating
the current state
3 . Identifying all the ease and barriers
4 . Develop
a plan or set of activities for the achievement of objectives.
2 . Reasons Need Planning
One
purpose is made planning programs that are used to increase the likelihood of
achievement objectives in the
future , so as to increase the Decree of making better . Therefore
, the planning organization must be active , dynamic , sustainable and creative
, so management does not just react to its environment , but rather an active
participant in the business world .
There
are two basic reasons the need for planning :
1 . To
achieve a "protective benefits " resulting from the reduction of the
risk of error in decision-making .
2 . To
achieve the " positive benefits " in the form of increasing
successful achievement of organizational goals .
Some of
the benefits of planning are :
1 . Helps
management to adapt to the environment changes
2 . Allows
managers to understand the whole picture clearer operation
3 . Helping more
precise placement of responsibility
4 . Giving
way of giving commands to operate
5 . Facilitate
the coordination between different parts of the organization
6 . Make
more specific goals , detailed and easier to understand
7 . Minimize job uncertain
8 . Save time , effort , and
funds
Some
disadvantages are planning :
1 . The
work covered in the planning might be overstated in real contribution
2 . Planning tends to
delay activities
3 . Planning
may be too limiting management to initiate and innovate
4 . Sometimes
the best result is obtained by handling each problem as the problem occurs
5 . There
are some plans that followed caracara inconsistent
3. Planning
Relationship with Other Functions
Planning is the most
basic functions of the other
management functions. Planning functions
and the functions as well as other managerial
activities are interconnected
and interdependent interaction.
-Organizing is planning
to show the car
and estimate how
organizing resource-resource society together to achieve
the highest effectiveness.
-Directing is planning
to determine the best
combination of resources-resources necessary to direct, influence and motivate
employees.
-Controlling is the
planning and supervision are closely interconnected.
Supervision act as
criteria to assess the implementation of the work plan.
4 . Various
Kinds of Planning
Various
management planning in the introduction is divided into two , namely :
A. Planning organization
This
plan consists of :
- Strategic
Planning
The
strategic plan is a plan developed to achieve the strategic objectives . Precisely
, the strategic plan is a general plan of the underlying resource allocation
decisions , priorities , and action steps needed to achieve strategic
objectives .
- Tactical
Planning
Plan
is intended to achieve tactical objectives , was developed to implement certain
parts of the strategic plan . The
strategic plan generally involves the upper and middle management levels and
when compared with the strategic plan , have a shorter period of time and a
more specific focus and real
- Operational
Planning
Is
a plan that focuses on planning tactical plans to achieve operational
objectives . Developed
by Degree of middle managers and lower level , the operational plan has a
short-term focus dn relatively narrow scope . Each
operational plan with respect to a small set of activities. We
explain the plan more closely in the next section .
Operational
planning is divided into two , namely :
a. Disposable
Plan : developed to implement a series of actions that may not be repeated in
the future
Program
: Disposable plan for a great activity bundle
Project
: Disposable plan for a narrower scope and less complex than the program
b . Plans
fixed : developed for regularly recurring activity during a specific time
period
Policy
: fixed plan detailing the organization's general response to a particular
problem or situation
Standard
operating procedures : fixed plan that outlines the steps to be followed in
certain situations
Rules
and regulations : fixed plan that describes exactly how the specific activities
carried out
B. According period,
classified planning:
- Long-term Planning
is a plan that
will be executed by all components in the organization or planning,
and made in the
achievement of overall organizational
goals.
- Medium term planning
is a plan devised to achieve the medium-term
objectives and the
achievement of long-term boost.
- Short-term Planning
is a plan devised to achieve short-term
goals, and the achievement of the medium-term boost.
5. Responsibility for Planning Goal Setting
1. Planning staff.
2. Planning Task
Force
3. Board of
Directors
4. Chief Executive Officer (CEO)
5. Executive Committee
6. Management line
6. Constraints
in the Establishment and Objectives and
Planning
a. Inappropriate destination
b. Inappropriate posts
System
c. Dynamic and
Complex Environment
d. Reluctance to
Goal Setting
e. Refusal to
Change
f. limitation
7. Overcoming
Obstacles
a. Understanding of Purpose and Plan.
b. Communication and
Participation
c. Consistency /
revsi / and
updates
d. Award System
Effective
COMMENTS
:
From
the description above we can conclude the importance of planning in order to achieve organizational goals. The existence of the plan will provide a
clear direction and goals, provide an understanding of leadership and subordinates
so they can work together for the sake of the realization of organizational goals.
But in addition, planning
is only one of the functions in management. Because of the success of achieving goals does not mean that only depends on the functions of planning, but there are other functions, such as organizing, briefing
and supervision.
The success of the plan will very likely be achieved if leaders and
employees work together and
motivate each other so that each performance is higher for the achievement of organizational goals.
Source
: http://contoh-makalah-mahasiswa.blogspot.com/2011/10/makalah-perencanaan-manajemen.html
